Forest Products Industry

Archaeologists from the University of Southampton have excavated and recorded a large timber platform hidden beneath what today appears to be a stone-built island, located in a Scottish loch. Source: Timberbiz They used a technique called stereophotogrammetry to record the human-made island above and below the waterline as a single continuous structure, providing a perspective that wouldn’t have been possible using land or underwater survey alone. The researchers, working with the University of Reading, examined the ‘crannog’ in Loch Bhorgastail on the Isle of Lewis to reveal a structure built more than 5,000 years ago. Their fieldwork uncovered a layered wood and brushwood construction under the stone capping of the island, along with hundreds of pieces of Neolithic pottery submerged in the surrounding water. “Crannogs are small artificial islands that are typically thousands of years old. Hundreds exist in the lochs of Scotland and many remain unexplored or undiscovered,” University of Southampton archaeologist Dr Stephanie Blankshein said. “While crannogs were long thought to have been built, used and re-used, mainly between the Iron Age and the post-medieval period, we now know that some were first constructed much earlier during the Neolithic between 3800 and 3300 BC.” Over several years of fieldwork visits, using traditional excavation techniques, coring, sophisticated surveying, and radiocarbon dating, the archaeologists have revealed the different stages of development of the Loch Bhorgastail crannog. It was first established over five-thousand years ago, making it older than well-known monuments such as Stonehenge. It started as a circular wooden platform, around 23 metres across, topped with brushwood. S ome two-thousand years on, in the Middle Bronze Age, another layer of brushwood and stone were added, before another phase of activity took place around one thousand years after that during the Iron Age. A stone causeway, now underwater, leads from the loch shore to the island. Over the years, archaeologists have discovered hundreds of pieces of Neolithic pottery, such as from different types of jars and bowls, scattered in the surrounding water. This suggests the site was first established by people of this period, before the Bronze Age. “While we still don’t know exactly why these islands were built, the resources and labour required to construct them suggests, not only complex communities capable of such feats, but also the great significance of these sites. Large quantities of pottery, often still containing food residue, and worked stone found on and around the islands, suggest their use for communal activities such as cooking or feasting.” Dr Blankshein said. During fieldwork in 2021, archaeologists designed and applied a new technique for using stereophotogrammetry in shallow water. The To help solve this, the researchers used two small waterproof cameras – with low-light performance and a wide-field of view. Locked at a set distance apart on a frame, this ‘stereo’ method provides precise overlapping of imagery, to help compensate for any missing or disrupted data. The cameras were manoeuvred through the water by a diver with positioning controlled to centimetre accuracy, matching that achieved by an aerial drone. “By combining stereophotogrammetry, drone technology and some innovative post-processing of the data, we have managed to set out an accessible approach that is portable and cost effective,” said Dr Blankshein, lead author on the paper.

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As the harvesting of small-diameter timber continues to increase worldwide – driven by growing demand for energy wood, plantation forestry, and higher productivity requirements – equipment efficiency is becoming increasingly critical. Source: Timberbiz In response to these evolving operational needs, Kesla is extending the availability of its Kesla twinAX shear-cutting solution, first introduced at FinnMetko 2024, to the 24RH III and 26RH III harvester heads. Kesla twinAX is a cost-effective wood-cutting solution, particularly for operations processing large volumes of small-diameter trees. This shear cutting module cis ompatible with Kesla 19RH III, 21RH III, 24RH III, and 26RH III harvester heads. Thanks to the modular frame design, contractors can replace the standard chainsaw module with the twinAX shear cutting module. The twinAX system delivers significant advantages in conditions that require frequent cutting of small diameter material, such as energy wood harvesting and eucalyptus plantation operations. Key benefits include: No downtime or costs caused by chain dulling or breakage No unproductive work related to chain changing, transport, or sharpening No guide bar or sprocket failures No lubrication costs, no oil handling, and no mess No oil released into the environment and no harmful skin contact with oil No chain tensioning or adjustment issues No disturbances caused by snow, ice, sawdust, or branches No risk of chain shot No concerns about contact with soil or stones, or the chain coming off the bar   The cutting capacity of the KESLA twinAX is up to 28 cm, depending on tree species and operating conditions. Kesla’s unique interchangeable module concept makes it possible to switch between shear-cutting and traditional chainsaw use, allowing the harvester head to be configured for both energy wood and roundwood harvesting. The twinAX module can also be retrofitted to existing compatible KESLA harvester heads. “As the leading independent manufacturer of harvester heads, we continuously strive to develop cost efficient and functional solutions,” said Mika Tahvanainen, Director of Product Management at Kesla. “From the perspective of both machine manufacturers and contractors, it makes sense to rely on proven modular base solutions that can be configured for various applications, rather than developing a separate special head for every use case. “The Kesla 19RH III twinAX was introduced at FinnMetko 2024, and the results from both plantation harvesting and energy wood operations have been extremely positive. Based on this feedback, we are now expanding the twinAX product family to include the larger 24/26RH III models.”

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